SOIL TEMPERATURES  IMPORTANT FOR SEED GERMINATION

In early spring excited gardeners like talking about the "growing season"  characterizing it as being wet, dry, cold, warm, early, late, etc.  But what exactly is a "growing season"? A "growing season" is  commonly recognized as the average dates between the last frost of spring and the first frost of autumn  delineating the span of time  plants have to complete their annual growing cycles. 

In most of Rensselaer County, the historical growing season covers about 150 days. Recent data  from the US Environmental Protection Agency shows that New York's growing season since 1970 has increased to around 160+ days. This means that our favorite vegetables have ample time to sprout, grow and  be harvested because most of these vegetables complete their growing cycles within just 85 to 120 days. The downside is that the longer season reflects the effects of global warming that also may bring more extreme weather events such as heavier rainfalls, higher temperatures in summer, and the arrival of new pests from southern climes -- things that vegetables don't like.

Home gardeners, however,  need to focus on more than just that last  frost in order to get a head start on either spring or their neighbors.  Some other important factors affecting a given year's "growing season"  include air and soil temperatures, rainfall patterns and soil moisture as well as light levels to name a few.  Of these, air temperature is arguably the most critical factor as it  provides the energy (i.e. heat) that determines  a plant's germination and growth rates.

Cool weather vegetables such as peas, spinach and radishes will start to germinate in soil temperatures around 40°F, while warmer weather crops such as bush beans, cucumbers and squashes germinate at soil temperatures starting at around 60°F.  The two charts below clearly illustrate these differences in seed germination requirements.

Sugar snap pea. Source: Johnny Select Seeds

Bush bean. Source: Johnny Select Seed

For both peas and bush beans, optimal seed germination occurs at distinctly warmer soil temperatures than threshold temperatures, germination rates increase up to a peak soil temperature and then decline eventually ceasing as soil temperatures exceed the optimum point.   Seeds planted at or near their peak germination temperatures  sprout faster and may emerge within only a few days. Seeds planted at threshold gemination temperatures will take longer (e.g. a couple of weeks or more) to germinate   and emerge because their chemical activities, although triggered,   are occurring  at  much slower rates.  This means that it may not be advantageous to put seeds in the ground at the earliest possible time if   air temperatures are forecast to remain around  germination threshold levels.

Home gardeners also need to note that seeds of different vegetables  respond differently to soil temperatures that are too cool or too warm for germination.  Radish and parsnip seeds can be planted in soils below their threshold germination temperatures. They will just sit and wait until soils warm up.  Bush bean seeds planted in soils below their germination threshold run a high risk of never sprouting and just rotting as their seed casings soften from soil moisture.  In summer, high soil temperatures near the surface will cause some plant seeds, e.g. many lettuce varieties, to go into a dormant state. 

Measuring Soil Temperature

I use a metal bulb soil thermometer to check soil temperatures in spring before planting seeds or setting out seedlings.  You can also use typical household thermometers as long as their scale goes down at least to 32°F, but you may have to use a screwdriver or small trowel to soften the soil before inserting  those plastic models into the ground.  I measure  soil temperature at a depth of 6."  Soil temperatures will be warmer, of course, closer to the surface which will be better for seeds, but I am looking for temperatures that roots will like after the seeds have sprouted.

Metal bulb soil thermometer

After  seed germination and young plants emerge, air temperature becomes the critical factor in regulating the rate of plant growth and development.   Most vegetables thrive in temperatures akin to comfortable room temperatures,  i.e. between 60° -  80°s F with 78°F frequently mentioned as being the sweet spot.  I recommend gardeners consult Cornell's  Home Gardening Vegetable Guide for information about growing most garden vegetables.  And for now,  let's just note that for vegetables, in general,  their growth mostly ceases when air temperatures reach and/or surpass the mid-90°s F.  More about plant growth, temperatures and GDDs (Growing Degree Days) will be covered in future posts.

Book Recommendation:   Crockett's Victory Garden

When I first became a Master Gardener, I used to spend a lot of time in the Cooperative Extension's  office staffing its gardener's hotline.  One of the frequent questions I dealt with, in addition to "what can I do about deer," was "I want to start a garden. How should I start?"  My usual answer included  a recommendation that the caller look for a copy of Crockett's Victory Garden (Little Brown, & Co, 1977) in a used bookstore or to try to borrow a copy from a friend or the local library.

For years James Underwood Crockett hosted a popular PBS TV show that instructed gardeners about what to do month by month through the  year. Eventually, he published a book that closely followed the show's scripting. Crocket's show originated from Boston, a milder climate than most of Rensselaer County; and he was not particularly organic, but his demonstrations and practical advise still can serve the beginner.


The book covers both popular vegetables and ornamentals (i.e. flowers and  plants used in landscaping).Each chapter covers a month and starts  with  to do lists for what to plant, transplant, seeds to start, plants to thin and other miscellaneous activities. The next section deals with caring for specific plants and includes many diagrams and illustrations relating  to topics such as pruning, grafting, and dividing.  A Q&A section completes each chapter. 

Prospective gardeners, I think,  now are more organically oriented than Crockett was 40 years ago; and the climate in Rensselaer county is a bit warmer than what is shown in Crockett's growing zone map  and the accompanying vegetable  growing chart  in the back of his book.  That said, here is a little digression on the topic of a "growing season."

A  "growing season" is commonly associated with the average dates of last and first frosts that delineate the span of time plants have to complete their annual growth cycles.   Other factors   affecting the length of a growing season also include rainfall patterns, moisture and light levels, and soil and atmospheric temperatures.

With respect to Crockett's book, I usually advise people that most of Rensselaer County  probably runs 10 to 12 days behind Boston's growing season. Historically,  the length of the growing season  in much of Rensselaer County has been about 150 days running between mid-May and mid-October. Recent data  compiled and summarized by NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation reports that in much of New York, spring now arrives eight days earlier than in 1970 and the state is 2.4°F warmer, but that does not mean that the last frost necessarily occurs now  in early May.  Home gardeners wanting to get a head start on the growing season need to remember, as a minimum, to check  the projected weather forecasts for their locales.

Anyway,  I would like to hear about other books gardeners would recommend to people just getting started with growing vegetables.